Newsletter

The first meeting for the year, the January General Meeting, will be held at the Conservation Centre, 120 Wakefield Street on Wednesday 17^th January and it commences at 7.30pm.

We will begin the year with a presentation by member photographer David Muirhead who will show more wonderful underwater slides.

The Biofouling Problem

Conference Announcement

Reefwatch Invertebrate Workshop

Inquiry Into Gulf St Vincent

Big Study As Fish Hits Rock Bottom

Debate Continues Over Who Charted SA Coast

Marine Wildlife News

JOTS update

Bottles Found At Semaphore Jetty

Visions for the Future of Marine Education in SA

If anyone still has calendars to sell then please try and make a big effort this month.

I am very pleased that we have sold nearly all of our calendars. If anyone can sell just a few more then please contact me asap.

If you are holding money for calendar payments then please try to get it to me this month.

As both Commonwealth and international legislation (via the International Maritime Organisation, IMO) is proposing to ban the use of tributyl tin in anti-fouling paints for ships’ hulls, the topic of anti-fouling and the use of toxic compounds has once again come to the fore in the marine arena. For those who have not seen the latest ‘Waves’ (Vol.7, no.3), it dedicated one and a half pages to articles on this issue, so I have decided to take a romp through the history of anti-fouling.

Over the centuries changes in shipping manufacture has led to significant differences in fouling organisms on ships’ hulls. When wooden-hulled ships prevailed and were under sail power, they were frequently becalmed (without wind) which led to significant loading with Lepas spp. (goose barnacles), which are distributed worldwide. Wooden hulls were also susceptible to the boring ‘shipworm’, actually a bivalve with very reduced valves, called Teredo spp. These would eventually bore so far into a ship’s hull that the bottom would become soggy and eventually leak.

During the mid-nineteenth century as iron hulls replaced wood, both Lepas spp. and Teredo spp. virtually disappeared as fouling organisms. Instead coastal organisms such as barnacles and tubeworms became problems. A study in the 1980s found that acorn barnacles constituted 84% of the biofouling organisms on 400 ships surveyed in the study, tubeworms consisted 12.75%, and the remainder were made up of goose barnacles, hydroids and bryozoans. Other organisms found on ships hulls include sponges, ascidians, bivalves and macroalgae.

Some of the first attempts to prevent biofouling included coating wooden hulls in copper and lead sheeting. If the boat owner was well-off, they could use both types of metal, if not then it was not uncommon to make a double-hulled ship so that the outer layer of wood could be stripped off when it was completely covered and build a new outer hull. The leaching of copper and lead ions created a concentrated layer of toxicity, so that even if an animal managed to settle on the surface it would die of poisoning.

There was a prime example of metal toxicity poisoning in North Wales. On the island of Anglesey, there was a major copper, zinc and lead mine. The run-off from the mine ran into a bay and was so toxic with ions from these metals that all organisms attached to moored ships in the bay would die within a week.

When wooden hulls were replaced with iron, copper sheeting could not be used because iron corrodes when in contact with copper and seawater. This was when the first anti-corrosion paints were used, based on a natural resin called shellac. The use of anti-corrosion paint determined that any anti-fouling coating on top also had to be paint.

The earliest anti-fouling paints were toxic compounds in a varnish. There was a period of trial and error during the mid to late 1800s. Humphrey Davey had noted the toxicity of copper ions to marine larvae as early as 1824. The toxicity is most potent to immediately post-settled larvae, particularly during metamorphosis. Other important toxins included compounds of mercury and arsenic. All these toxins needed to satisfy several criteria:

• They must be effective in low concentrations

• They must be economic to produce

• They must be harmless to man, or nearly so

• The toxicity must not be affected by inclusion into a paint media

• They must not pollute the environment

• They should preferably be biodegradable.

With the developing petrochemical industry at this time, plastics, chlorinated rubbers and epoxy resins could be used to toughen paints. A soluble resin known as ‘rosin’ became one of the most essential components in anti-fouling paints and is still used today. There are two methods used in anti-fouling paints at the present time:

1. Soluble matrix paint. This contained clumps of copper atoms suspended in the paint matrix. As the rosin wore away from water action it released the layers of copper molecules and prevented settlement. However, as the paint wore down, it built up a layer of insoluble copper carbonate, through interaction with the seawater, which in turn stops the rosin from releasing the toxin. At this time the ship must be hauled into dry dock, the hull scraped and repainted.

2. Contact leaching. This form of anti-fouling paint has a high loading of copper integrated into a plastic (vinyl) or chlorinated rubber coating. The surface of the plastic/rubber coating does not wear down, but allows the slow release of copper ions into the environment, thus preventing settlement by fouling organisms. This method also creates an insoluble layer of copper carbonate, but this coating cannot be scraped off, only painted over.

In both of these methods there is an initial period during which the rate of leaching is exponential. They are effective for 18 to 24 months.

When DDT was discovered as the miracle pesticide it was also trialled in anti-fouling paints, but public outcry quickly banned it. The most active biocides were organo-metallic compounds of arsenic, mercury, lead and tin. Coatings with these compounds were suitable for small ships (15,000 tons dead weight) because they could be applied with paint brushes or rollers. However when larger vessels (500,000 tons) started to be manufactured, paints had to be sprayed on and exposure to the toxic metal compounds were an unacceptable risk to workers. Organotins were the least irritant to humans and during the 1960s these were the main anti-foulant used and were a hundred times more effective than copper compounds. The main goal still to be achieved was to break through the two year time barrier.

The major breakthrough came in the late 1960s from work on polymers (trialkyltin acrylate esters for those with a technical mind!). These polymers allowed coatings to be made that contained a built-in supply of organotin biocide – tributyl tin (TBT). Testing was conducted in the 1970s and it was noticed that these coatings polished very smooth when exposed to water flow, thus they are called ‘self-polishing copolymer’ paints. There are several advantages to this kind of coating (apart from the toxic effect of TBT):

1. The active lifetime of the paint is proportional to the thickness applied. It is active to the end of its life.

2. It can be overcoated without loss of existing activity, i.e. the layer that is painted over will still be active when exposed to seawater.

3. The paint now has efficient use of contained biocide because it is active all the way down to the anti-corrosive layer beneath it.

4. The full erosion of the coating means that no time must be wasted by scraping off an old layer.

5. The automatic self-smoothing action is important, as larval marine organisms do not like smooth surfaces, they much prefer to settle on rough, rock-like surfaces.

This kind of paint is highly efficient for shipping companies as it requires no preparation of the ship hull and may last for more than 5 years.

The toxic impact of TBT on certain marine organisms is well documented. The first sign of trouble was noticed in the French shellfish industry. The shells of Crassostrea gigas (Atlantic oyster) were ‘balling’, becoming round like a tennis ball, instead of their usual flat shape. The overall effect on the industry by 1980 was that 95-100% of 2-year old oysters had these ball-shaped shells and there was no larval spatfall. The oyster fisheries were in estuaries, so it did not take long to deduce that the toxicity was from anti-fouling paints. The French government reacted quickly and in 1982 imposed a ban on TBT on boats less than 25 m long. There was an amazing recovery in the industry.

In the UK the response was slower and despite the evidence that TBT was responsible for turning female dogwhelks into functioning males, it was not until 1985 that the government took action and started to regulate the sale of TBT paints to boats less than 25 m long. They also established an environmental quality target of 20 ng TBT/litre seawater (0.02 ppb). This was thought to give adequate protection for all marine organisms and it was realised that this was the lowest level of toxicity that the then technology could detect.

The environmental quality target was too high. Only 0.2-1 ng TBT/litre seawater is needed to start the ‘imposex’ process in female dogwhelks, and 2-3 ng of TBT will sterilise them. In the females testosterone is usually converted into oestradiol by an enzyme, but TBT attacks this enzyme so the testosterone builds up and starts to affect the physical structure of the female genitalia. It was later discovered that mussel larvae and some macroalgae were also affected and more recently high levels of TBT have been found in many fish species, including commercial species.

The long term sublethal effects are not known. Current thinking is that an acceptable environmental quality target is 0.2 ng TBT/litre seawater. Finally in 1987 the UK government implemented a complete ban on the sale of TBT paints to small boats and also included products used for coating fish farm cages. Small vessels now rely on copper-based paints.

New technology must rule out the use of man-made biocides such as TBT and turn to physical means of preventing settlement. One of the articles in the latest ‘Waves’ gives a brief description of three new types of coatings that are currently being trialled by WWF-Germany:

1. Using ‘non-stick’ coatings, providing a low energy surface (similar to Teflon) to which marine organisms cannot adhere.

2. Using self-polishing coatings similar to the self-polishing copolymers, but without the biocide.

3. A paint that imitates sealskin (!). Very short, dense fibres are set in motion by the surrounding water flow, creating a self-cleaning effect, thus preventing organisms attaching themselves.

The International Maritime Organisation’s (IMO) Marine Environment Protection Committee (MEPC) passed a resolution in 1999 to ban harmful anti-foulants, including TBT. The worldwide ban applies to the application of TBT on ships’ hulls from January 1, 2003. This is more ambitious than the Australian Commonwealth’s Ocean Policy, which had initially proposed a complete ban in 2006, unless the IMO set an earlier date. The Commonwealth is now preparing to support the IMO’s efforts. The IMO is currently developing a treaty to ban harmful anti-foulants, through the MEPC, which is expected to be concluded late 2001.

All these efforts are to be applauded and supported by community groups and NGOs, as a serious commitment by the Australian government to the Australian and international marine environment, before too much damage has been done. The toxic build-up of TBT via paint flakes in harbours and marinas may take decades to disperse but at least it will gradually be phased out of the marine environment in Australia. Hopefully other countries such as the USA, the UK and the membership of the European Union will also implement the IMO ban.

5th Conference on the Biodiversity and Conservation of Invertebrates

December 1 - 4, 2001

Adelaide University, South Australia
http://www.waite.adelaide.edu.au/bio2001/

Provisional Symposia
1. Rarity & sampling in invertebrate communities
2. Impact of invasive species
3. Invertebrate biodiversity of the arid zone & ephemeral waters
4. Marine invertebrate biodiversity
5. Molecular tools in invertebrate conservation
6. Legislation & education

Organising Committee
Andy Austin (Adelaide University) andrew.austin@waite.adelaide.edu.au
Steve Cooper (SA Museum) cooper.steve@saugov.sa.gov.au
John Jennings (Adelaide University) john.jennings@adelaide.edu.au
Remko Leijs (SA Museum) leijs.remko@saugov.sa.gov.au
Duncan Mackay (Flinders University) duncan.mackay@cc.flinders.edu.au
Claire Stephens (Adelaide University) cstephens2@waite.adelaide.edu.au

For further information please contact the organising committee.

Reefwatch held its Invertebrate Workshop at SARDI's marine laboratories at West Beach on 22nd October. Alex, Tony and myself were all volunteer presenters (instructors) for the day. That meant that we had to attend the day before for a briefing and to prepare everything. There were to be some ten stations for participants to visit. Tony and I set up stations 9 & 10 close together where we could help each other out. Unfortunately I had to leave before I could finish with a tour of all ten stations. I just got to see stations 1 & 2 plus Tony's and mine (9 & 10). The workshop started early the next day with registrations at 9am. A coffee and a chat before the 9.30 start followed this. Everyone was ushered into the lecture theatre for talks by Anthony Cheshire from SARDI and Sue Murray-Jones from the DEH Office for Coast & Marine. Anthony gave a talk about Reef Health and Reefwatch. He soon mentioned the Marine Life Society as a very 'relevant group'. Sue gave a talk about the classification of marine invertebraes and she used lots of slides. Not all of the slides were of temperate species, however, and some were not particularly good either. I managed to write up a list of many of the species shown to illustrate her talk. I feel that we could offer her a much better collection of slides for her talks from our Photo Index. Anyhow, back to the workshop. We had a break for coffee and biscuits before returning to the theatre for one of the talks. Participants were then divided into groups and put under the charge of a presenter. There were twelve instructors from a variety of organisations. MLSSA provided three presenters but we also had the help of three members who attended the workshop. These were David Muirhead, Heather and Mingyon Bird who were all a great help. The various groups attended the ten stations and learnt many aspects of identifying and classifying marine invertebrates. Society member Peter Hoskin attended the workshop, as did people like Jeremy Gramp from Dragon Search and members of the Underwater Eplorers Club. I also met members such as James Brook who works with the Dept. of Environment who offered to scan slides for our webpage for us. Just getting to know many of the other presenters was great. My station was a MLSSA display focusing on invertebrates. We displayed the invertebrate section of our Photo Index and tabled the rest of the Index. We had lots of reference material on hand and some 2001 calendars for sale. Thanks to David we sold a couple of calendars and were promised orders for more. We had a barbecue lunch and time to chat again. Later on Mingyon took my place on the station for a while which allowed me to visit all of the other stations. We had a few membership enquiries during the day. There was another coffee and biscuit break in the afternoon. There was also a promise of more workshops to come in the future. Each of the presenters received a bottle of white wine as a token of thanks. Everyone received a folder of notes and I have placed my copy of these into our library (mlssa No.253). We used to have a copy of "Below High Water" in our library but it has been missing for some time. I picked up a copy of the book at the briefing for just $2 and will put it into the library (mlssa No.1041). Whilst I am discussing new entries into our library I can tell you about another book. Many years ago John Ling from the SA Museum was a guest speaker at one of our meetings. During his talk he presented us with a copy of one or two of his books. Both of these soon disappeared from our library. I recently managed to pick one of them up at a church fete. It is "Marine Mammals in South Australia" by John K. Ling & Peter F. Aitken. There are ten pages of text and eight pages of photos. This little book is simply an extract from the "SA Year Book 1981". I have placed it into our library (mlssa No.1042). Although I got to wear my Dragon Search T-shirt and Reefwatch cap at the workshop, one thing that would have been better would have been for all the MLSSA members there to have been seen wearing MLSSA windcheaters.

Late last year there was a Senate inquiry into the state of Gulf St Vincent. Our Society was asked to make a submission to the inquiry. The request, however, came too late for us to respond directly to the terms of reference. We were still able to make some comments though. The Senate committee’s report of the inquiry was published in June. Our (brief) submission was listed as No.19 out of over 300 submissions. The Senate committee came up with 15 recommendations to help improve the state of the gulf. I was able to detail these recommendations in a Journal article. The report is available from our library (mlssa No.1039). The same Senate committee published a report in 1997 called "Marine and Coastal Pollution". That report is also available from our library (mlssa No.1028B).

Reefwatch Presenter & Library Officer

These next two items are taken from "Wet Stuff" which is compiled by the MCCN (SA) for research and non-commercial use as a free community service from a range of web sources.

By Steven Dally 27/9/2000

http://themercury.com.au/

THE CSIRO is mounting a major research effort to find out why the unique, and once common, spotted handfish is disappearing from its River Derwent home. Fewer than 100 of the 12cm, bottom-crawling fish are believed to remain in the fish’s only home along the lower Derwent estuary. The CSIRO believes the spotted handfish’s favoured river-bottom habitat has been put under pressure by decades of human pollution. But CSIRO marine biologist Mark Green said the species’ numbers had plummeted in the past decade since the introduction of the voracious northern pacific seastar. Mr Green said the spotted handfish wrapped its eggs around the stems of bottom-dwelling plants, including seagrass and a type of sea tulip called ascidians. "There is a connection between the decline of the handfish and the northern pacific seastar which has been eating the ascidians, which are virtually the last thing left in the Derwent for the fish to wrap their eggs around," he said. A team of Tasmania Police divers yesterday joined CSIRO scientists to start population surveys for the endangered species. The handfish is so named because the pectoral fins on which it crawls along the Derwent resemble hands. The team is counting numbers and measuring fish sizes, ascidians and seastars in a number of secret locations. Mr Green said years of pollution, including road oil and, until three years ago, virtually raw sewage had also affected the breeding habitat. "The Derwent is one of the most heavily polluted estuaries we know of. There are a lot of heavy metals and things down there, although they aren’t going in any more," he said. The spotted handfish lays about 100 eggs compared with hundreds of thousands for some other fish species, with the female guarding the nest for two months until the young emerge as tiny but fully formed handfish, which then live close to their birthplace.

(I wrote an article on the Spotted Handfish which was included in the 1999 Journal. Ed.)

ABC Local News: SA Gulf Cities 23/8/00 © 2000 ABC

The conflict over which French explorer first charted the Upper Spencer Gulf has been resolved, ahead of the 200^th anniversary of Matthew Flinders’ circumnavigation of Australia, and his meeting with Nicholas Baudin in Encounter Bay.

Whyalla Maritime Museum curator, Paul Mazorek, wanted to commemorate Matthew Flinders and little-known French explorer, Louis de Saulces de Freycinet, with statues at the city’s Flinders lookout, in 2002.

Historians complained that Nicholas Baudin should be given the credit, as he led the expedition. But Mr. Mazorek argued that 22-year-old de Freycinet actually did the work of charting. After mediation by the State Heritage Department, Mr Mazorek is now continuing with his original plans.

"We can’t judge history or people on a passion on individual cases or whatever. We just have to look at what really happened and how that happened. We have to think about real historical correctness and what actually happened in the Upper Spencer Gulf."

Historian for the Encounter 2002 project, which will commemorate Flinders and Baudin’s explorations, Anthony Brown, is now satisfied the tribute will be historically accurate. He says mention of Baudin will be made on the site’s information panels that he was the officer-in-charge of the expedition, although he did not chart the gulf.

"I think it’s very appropriate that Whyalla should commemorate the visit by Freycinet as well as Flinders’ charting a few months earlier."

http://www.abc.net.au/news/regionals/port

http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/BMLSS/homepage.htm

21 November 2000
A live Loggerhead Turtle, Caretta caretta, was taken to New Quay Sea Life Centre after being washed up on Fistral Beach, Cornwall in a very poor condition. It died the following day.

  Frilled Shark, Chlamydoselachus anguineus

The first progress report to Coastcare has been prepared for this project. Readers would be aware that the project was approved in 1999 and for reasons outside of the control of the MLSSA steering Committee, the funding for this project did not arrive until October 2000. Similarly, the South Australian curriculum framework upon which the teachers guide was to be cross referenced did not survive the approvals process and DECS (the Education Department) had to commission a review and a rewrite that will be published for trials in February 2001. In the interim, the Gould League has rewritten an Australian marine curriculum resource called ABSea and it will be a valued addition to the JOTS teachers guide when it becomes available in February 2001. These factors have contributed to the project being put on hold until February and it is expected that an extension will be approved by Coastcare so that the kits will be launched during Coastcare Week in December 2001.

What follows are the editor’s extracts from the progress report:

The first task was to review what marine life education resources were available to South Australian teachers. It followed that the "Octopuses Garden" is a generic 60 page x A4 publication that merits a complete reprint for distribution to all South Australian schools and that 3 resources kits should be assembled and to be made available from the Nature Education Centre at Norwood. A companion volume called "Jewels of the Sea" is planned to be in draft form by May 2001 and it is to be written with close reference to SACSA Frameworks and the Gould League's ABSea. It will have ideas for teaching programs and a short list of "best practice" resources and contacts for SA teachers. The introductory pages are in draft form and work on this publication will resume after the AAEE/Marine Life Society of Australasia Conference in Victoria (15-21 January 2001). The Malacological Society have produced some outstanding photographic, printed and physical shell resources that are currently being set aside for six kits (thre targeting junior school chilren and three targeting a middle school science unit on marine biodiversity). One kit, making a total of 7 kits for the project, features a number of glove puppets for use with play and creative interpretations of the recently produced pamphlet by Greening Australia: Leafy Seadragon Friendly Catchments. These puppets and a significant number of other kit contents have been privately purchased pending the processing of invoices to Hallett Cove School via the steering committee in the new year. We are awaiting confirmation of approval for the variation and extension for the JOTS project.

Amount of Coastcare grant expended to date:

Estimate $ 12000
Community Contributions towards the project to date:

Volunteer hours at $15/hour More than $ 8000
Community contribution in cash More than $ 2000
TOTAL Estimate $ 22000

How many people have provided volunteer assistance:

More than 40 people from a broad range of govt/non-govt and private sources.

There have been interests outside of the steering committee that have expected that the written component of the project would be complete or near complete at this time. Delays in the revised SACSA Framework for the SA curriculum and the February 2001 publication of a comprehensive ABSea curriculum document for marine education in Australia have been reasons enough to apply for a variation to the Coastcare Grant with an extension through to October 2001. There is opportunity to launch the kits during Coastcare week 2001.

Have there been any obstacles with the Coastcare project to date? Do you have any suggestions for overcoming them?

It is difficult to write a new resource for a curriculum and accountability statement that is under review and any new resource that is not written to the new SACSA Framework has a limited future for use and reuse in SA schools. Tony Isaacson has juggled the time allocated by DECS for the role of Coordinator, "Jewels of the Sea" project and compromised his own construction project by working on JOTS during his long service leave.

Coastcare funded/produced materials should be readily available to other Coastcare projects and the availability of Coastcare funded resources like music recordings, CD ROM's etc is proving to be harder to secure than should be the case. Previously/currently funded projects have materials that would add value to the educational kits if they were available (at cost or via Coastcare). While this is implicit within Coastcare guidelines the knowledge of and access to these materials is something that the JOTS steering committee is working without at this time.

In what ways have the community and local management agency cooperated on this project to date?

The local management agency has received the Coastcare cheque and released Tony Isaacson for term three 2000 to be the project coordinator. The community organisation (MLSSA) have a steering committee that meets 1 or two times per month to consider the past, current and future actions required to keep the project on track. This has involved extensive consultation and networking.

Please provide details of any publicity that the project has attracted to date.

Publicity to date has been within the MLSSA newsletter and a reference to it in a feature article re Indiana James and a Leafy Seadragon Sculpture (The Islander, Thursday, August 24, 2000). Tony Isaacson was the guest speaker at the MLSSA General Meeting in October when he expanded on the project details that were published in the MLSSA Newsletter. Word of mouth is attracting a broader level of awareness about the project and this has resulted in more volunteer help. The MLSSA members at Kingston House for the Coastcare presentations and walks on Sunday 3^rd December were also good public relations for JOTS.

In April 1992 I went for a solo SCUBA dive at the Semaphore jetty. About ¾ of the way out along the jetty I followed a bit of a ‘trail’ to the north. I came across an area littered with old timbers. It was in this area that I found eleven old bottles including stone ginger beers, a lamont and a round-ender. Four of the bottles were embossed "Schramm & Co, Adelaide" and they were all still sealed. Two weeks later I returned to the same spot with a friend. We collected lots more old bottles including more stone ginger beers, old beer and wine bottles, and two more full Schramm & Co bottles. The Schramm & Co factory had been in the Unley area so my friend donated one of the bottles to an Unley museum.

Local identity Neil Cormack felt sure that the bottles would have come from the jetty kiosk when it burned down in 1947 and had to be demolished. He thought that the bottles would have drifted north away from the jetty, to rest near to the area of the old baths which had been washed away in a storm in 1917. Some bottles would also have been tossed into the sea from the baths section. The old timbers in the area where we found the bottles were possibly from the old baths.

I found other bottles around the jetty on other dives there. I also found an old large anchor close to the jetty. Nearly two years later my friend and I collected the anchor and took it home. On one of our bottle searches we found a large old stove in the area.

A forum for discussion

As someone becoming more involved and aware of marine education in SA, I have a vision for the future of marine education in South Australia. Given the high level of talent and enthusiasm in marine circles in SA, I believe it would be exciting to bring together the visions of all these people for discussion. I wish to explore the interest in a one-day forum consisting of presentations and discussion regarding marine education in SA. I am aware that MESA had a meeting in Port Vincent a few months ago and do not wish to repeat what happened there. I wish this invitation to be open to everyone with an interest in marine education. I wish the focus of the day to be the future and our potential – what do you wish to see happening within your lifetime? The forum will consider under Yr.12 education, not tertiary (unless anyone feels strongly that this should be involved).

I would like interested people to reply to me via any of the following contacts and register your level of interest – do you wish to present your vision, or do you simply wish to participate in discussion?

What I would ideally like to see is some involvement from the Dept. of Education, just to have one person present to possibly take some feedback to the Dept. for consideration. This is really an ideal but if anyone knows someone…? I’m open to suggestions.

It has been suggested to me that a good time might be late February. To make the day accessible to teachers I would like the day to be on a weekend, I think an evening would not be enough time. Please feel free to suggest a date and venue below.

* ME: ALEX GAUT Phone: 8362 1468

3 BAKEWELL ROAD Mobile: 0418 921 849

EVANDALE 5069 E-mail: electra1213@yahoo.co.uk

* YOUR: NAME:_____________________________________

ADDRESS:_______________________________________________

_______________________________________________________

PHONE:(b/h)___________________(a/h)____________________

E-MAIL:________________________________________________

Are you interested in this forum? Yes/No

If the forum goes ahead, would you wish to give a presentation? Yes/No

Do you prefer a weekday/weekend? [Please indicate preference.]

Any other comments/suggestions:

________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________